About the CQH Working Paper Series

The CQH Working Paper Series is an open-access scholarly platform of the Centre for Quantitative History, HKU Business School, The University of Hong Kong, dedicated to the dissemination of research in quantitative history, economic history, demographic and social history, financial history, political economy, cliometrics, historical data analysis, and related interdisciplinary fields. Papers posted in the series are made freely available to readers worldwide. Submissions are subject to editorial screening for relevance to the scope of the series and compliance with submission requirements; unless otherwise stated, papers in the series have not undergone formal peer review. Copyright in each paper remains with the author(s), and permissions for reuse should be sought from the respective author(s). The series is supported by the Centre for Quantitative History at HKU Business School. Established to promote the timely circulation of new research, the series serves as a forum for scholarly exchange and academic discussion. Any personal information collected through this site is used solely for editorial, administrative, and communication purposes and is handled in accordance with applicable institutional policies and legal requirements.